台灣與美國選舉的不同–草案與公民投票

MAR 19 2008

從台灣來到美國加州戴維斯市 (Davis City) 讀書至今將近三年,這期間印象比較深的是2006年加州州長選舉和今年的美國總統大選。美國和台灣的選舉有一個很大的不同之處在於草案與公民投票的制度與實際運作。

草案是人民把提案印在選票上的權力。只要請願書得到選民連署超過門檻 (在加州是最近一次州長選舉投票總數的5%或8%),就可以提案創制、修改立法或州憲法。之後,如果選票上的提案在全州選舉中獲得大多數選民同意,就可以讓草案成為正式的法律。舉例來說,2008年二月五日加州的總統初選日,除了投票給兩黨的總統候選人外,同時表決七個提案 (Proposition 91到97,詳見註一)。這幾個提案涉及了加州交通稅收,社區學院,議員任期與四家特許賭場的擴建。投票結果,前三項草案被否決,而四間賭場的擴建案通過。公民投票則是人民在一定期限內批准或否決州議會法案的權力。自1912年以來,加州曾有43項公民投票和327項草案。

在美國,尤其是加州,人民不僅僅是選出公職人員和民意代表;透過草案和公民投票,可以將自已的意見形成正式政策,改變日常的生活。這樣的制度在地方單位,更可以顯現出地方自治的精神。例如,我居住的戴維斯市,市議會將本地第一間大型連鎖零售店的開發草案放在2006年州長選舉的選票上,交由民眾決定。結果該草案以51.5%的票數通過 (11761票對11087票)。原本戴維斯市基於保護獨立店家的立場,限制零售業的營業面積在三萬平方呎以內。上述所提草案的零售店營業面積達十三萬七千平方呎,故需交由市民公決。

關於公共議題,總是有不同意見。所以在選舉前常常會看到電視廣告,呼籲
民眾支持/反對某項草案。在網路論壇及選民投票指南裡也會列出正反雙方意見,供選民參考。

註一: 加州官方選民投票指南 http://www.voterguide.sos.ca.gov/
在首頁左方可以點選中文版及中文補充版。補充版有草案與公民投票的定義。
註二:戴維斯市Target開發案討論 http://daviswiki.org/Target_Debate

The Future of Medicine by Dr. Andrew Weil

MAR 12 2008

As a world-renowned medical leader in integrative medicine, Dr. Andrew Weil gave a speech, “the future of medicine”, at UC Davis Mondavi Center on March 5, 2008. The message Dr. Weil wanted to deliver was clear: the current medical system in the U.S. has been going into the wrong direction and needs a new perspective to reshape the system.

Dr. Weil stated that the fundamental problem of the current medical system is the philosophy behind it. The system focuses on treating diseases by using expensive medical technology and pharmaceuticals rather than helping patients resume their natural healing potential and return to the state of health. Furthermore, health insurance companies take over the control of patients from doctors, turning the medical system into a profit-oriented industry, and thus making the system out of reach to those who cannot afford it. As a result, the U.S. has lost control of its medical cost and the health of its citizens over the past 30 years.

Given the medical care crisis, Dr. Weil described his vision of the future of medicine. He suggested the current medical system be reformed by focusing on health and healing, treating patients holistically, teaching healthy life styles, and improving the physician-patient relationship. Dr. Weil also explained the importance of universal health care, non-drug interventions, and redesigned education for a low-cost but effective health care system.

I agree with Dr. Weil’s insightful opinions. In particular, I appreciate his effort to introduce eastern medical philosophy into integrative medical practice. This reminds us that, as heirs to eastern cultures, we should be proud of the legacy and devote ourselves to promoting the ancient wisdom from our cultures to complement the imperfection of western cultures.

In Chinese culture, we believe there is a transition state between health and illness. In the transition state, some signs occur, such as weight gain, sleeplessness, aches, allergies, and other mild syndromes. If people in this transition state regard the signs as warning signals from the body and correct their life styles, they can return to the state of health without much effort. However, from my observation, people in the U.S. tend to suppress these signs by taking medicine. Therefore, the signs are ignored and the imbalanced life styles not amended; the situation keeps worsening and sickness may eventually attack, thus requiring much more medical intervention to treat the illness. The failure to prevent people from entering the state of illness is one major problem of the current medical system in the U.S, as Dr. Weil indicated in his speech. From my view point, this phenomenon reflects a bigger picture of Capitalism-driven and technology-dependent American culture.

In the end, the demonstration of a relaxing breathing technique, which comes from the ancient Indian science of breath control, was my favorite part of the speech. The breathing technique is simple but effective. It helps in turning one’s thought inward and stabilizing one’s emotion from external stimulation. This practice is an excellent illustration of Dr. Weil’s message that we need not to rely on sophisticated medical technology for a healthy society; what we need is the determination to change and apply those simple concepts in our daily lives.